America's Liberian Dream

The nation of Liberia began in part as a dream of American Abolitionists.

The American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Color of the United States was dedicated to transporting freeborn blacks and emancipated slaves to Africa.

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/liberia

https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Colonization-Society

https://www.aaihs.org/the-american-colonization-society-200-years-of-the-colonizing-trick/

Paul Cuffee’s Dream

https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/who-led-the-1st-back-to-africa-effort/

Economic Survival Against the Odds: 1880-1914

https://m.facebook.com/hpsol.liberia/photos/liberia-the-survival-of-an-african-state-period-review-1880-1914-by-ceska-sankar/514084695281382/

How One Historian Located Liberia’s Elusive Founding Document

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/liberias-founding-document-located-180980339/

The 1930’s: Photographs of the Country

https://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/paul-julien-in-liberia-in-1932-part-ii/

Liberia in World War II

https://wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com/2022/08/27/wwii-weapons-in-liberia/

The First Liberian Civil War was one of Africa’s bloodiest civil conflicts in the post-independence era

https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/first-liberian-civil-war-1989-1996/

Liberians Celebrate 175th Independence Anniversary

https://www.liberianembassyus.org/in-the-news/liberians-celebrate-175th-independence-anniversary-on-embassy-grounds-near-washington-dc

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf - Africa’s first democratically-elected female head of state

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/tcrr-chinese-workers-strike/

Edward J. Roye, Early President, from Ohio to Africa

https://aaregistry.org/story/edward-roye-politician-and-businessman/

https://liberiapastandpresent.org/EJRoye.htm

Back-to-Africa Narratives from the 1850s

https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01710-4.html

A Modern Liberian Dream

https://frontpageafricaonline.com/opinion/letters-comments/the-liberian-dream/

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

Grand Challenge: Valuing World Cultures

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Title: Portrait of Edward James Roye, American-Liberian political figure Credit: public domain from Wikipedia

Labor Strikes in the U.S.

Labor Strikes and Their Impact on America’s Industrial Development

Believed to be the First: Jamestown Polish craftsmen's strike of 1619

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1619_Jamestown_craftsmen_strike

The Lowell Mill Girls Go on Strike, 1836

http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5714

Battle of Blair Mountain: Two mine wars fought in West Virginia from 1912-1921

https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/battle-of-blair-mountain/

The Homestead Strike: Carnegie Steel vs. Steelworkers’ Union- The Army and Pinkertons Summoned Against Workers

https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/homestead-strike

The Coal Strike of 1902: Turning Point in U.S. Policy

https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/coalstrike

Farm Workers Strike of 1965

https://depts.washington.edu/moves/UFW_geography.shtml

Operation Dixie: Southern segregation, racism and a militarized police meant the plan was destined to fail

https://timeline.com/operation-dixie-was-a-quixotic-attempt-to-unionize-the-south-61fdd7dd0810

Strikes and Strife in New Hampshire’s Mills

https://www.nhradicalhistory.org/story/strikes-and-strife-in-manchesters-mills/

The Transcontinental Railroad Chinese Worker’s Strike

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/tcrr-chinese-workers-strike/

Some of the Issues That Led Women to Strike

https://time.com/4687509/day-without-a-woman-history-womens-strikes/

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Railroad-Strike-of-1877

The 1975 Junior Doctors’ Strike

https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h6155

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Agitated workers face the factory owner in The Strike, painted by Robert Koehler in 1886. Public domain.

American Rural Education and One-Room Schools

Rural education has reflected the circumstances, challenges, and context of places in America called "rural.”

https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2383/Rural-Education.html

The Greek Revival Architecture of the American One Room School as a Symbolic Reflection of our Democratic National Ideals.

https://primaryresearch.org/the-greek-revival-architecture-of-the-american-one-room-school-as-a-symbolic-reflection-of-our-democratic-national-ideals/

The Rosenwald Schools: More than a century ago, in America’s rural South, a community-based movement ignited by two unexpected collaborators shaped the educational and economic future of an entire generation of African American families.

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-rosenwald-schools-shaped-legacy-generation-black-leaders-180977340/

https://savingplaces.org/places/rosenwald-schools

Death by Civilization: Thousands of Native American children were forced to attend boarding schools created to deprive them of their culture.

https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/traumatic-legacy-indian-boarding-schools/584293/

https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=AM012

Facing the Legacy of the Boarding Schools: Saving the Diné Knowledge

https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/facing-legacy-boarding-schools

Cultural Identity and Schooling in Rural New Mexico

https://jrre.psu.edu/sites/default/files/2019-08/24-8.pdf

Country schools went through hard times in the 1930s.

https://livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/life_21.html

Education in the Thirteen Colonies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies

Rural Women's Studies Association

https://www.ohio.edu/cas/history/institutes/rwsa

The Rural School Reference Collection is comprised of materials relating to the legacy of the rural schools in the United States with an emphasis on the Midwest.

https://museum.library.uni.edu/rural-school-reference-collection

New England’s one-room schoolhouses

https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/six-historic-one-room-schoolhousessix-historic-one-room-schoolhouses/

Teaching and Learning in Montana’s One Room Schoolhouses

https://savingplaces.org/stories/small-wonders-montana-schoolhouses

https://archive.storycorps.org/interviews/kristi-borge/

Some voices of rural schools and communities

https://www.nrea.net/

https://www.ruraledu.org/

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Photo by April Walker on Unsplash

Can Our Oceans Save Us?

How much of our earth do the oceans cover? (go look it up!).

How has ocean area changed with different eras in the Earth’s history? (make sure to check out the Precambrian Era).

With that much area and influence on life on Earth, it’s obvious that oceans play an important role in many climates around the world. How can we think about their future - and ours - as we consider climate change?

The Ocean’s Heroic Potential

https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/21/opinion/oceans-heroic-potential-could-be-realized-under-biden/

There are Solutions To Climate Change In The Ocean

https://oceanblueproject.org/solutions-to-climate-change-in-the-ocean-urban-ocean/

Bad news. Good news. The ocean report you didn't see.

https://heated.world/p/the-ocean-report-you-didnt-see

Think tank for the future of coastal cities

https://urbanoceanlab.org/

Clean It Up

https://theoceancleanup.com/

A New Reason to Love Bottom Feeders: They Suck Up Carbon

https://www.livescience.com/46084-deep-sea-fish-suck-up-carbon.html

Coronavirus lockdown giving world’s oceans much-needed breathing space

https://environmentjournal.online/articles/coronavirus-lockdown-giving-worlds-oceans-much-needed-breathing-space/

Wetlands are a pivotal part of the natural system

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/habitat-conservation/coastal-wetlands-too-valuable-lose

Rhode Island and Chesapeake Save the Bays

https://www.savebay.org/bay_issues/habitats-and-wildlife/

https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/ecosystem/the_estuary_system

Restoring Wetlands Will Prepare Us for Sea Level Rise

https://bayareamonitor.org/article/how-restoring-wetlands-will-prepare-us-for-sea-level-rise/

Mangrove ecosystems support an incredible diversity of creatures and are extremely important to the health of the planet.

https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plants-algae/mangroves

Urgency of Helping the Oceans Stay Healthy

https://time.com/5863821/saving-the-oceans/

Oceanography and Teaching

https://mirjamglessmer.com/2019/09/04/favourite-quote-by-miriam-goldstein-the-ocean-is-strong-and-powerful-and-it-likes-to-rip-things-up/

Grand Challenge: Understanding and Sustaining a Biodiverse Planet

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Photo by Erastus McCart on Unsplash

A Dozen Musical Gems

Explore the music of these great artists, influential in their time and well beyond. What influences could they have had on the music you listen to?

1. Billie Holiday: https://youtu.be/Z_1LfT1MvzI

2. Ella Fitzgerald: https://youtu.be/lhg2VlayHTI

3. Duke Ellington Orchestra: https://youtu.be/r95flkZciJ // https://youtu.be/6HFQy9_rY58

4. B. B. King: https://youtu.be/SgXSomPE_FY

5. Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie: https://youtu.be/gfLVVHxk4IM

6. Louis Armstrong: https://youtu.be/Y5O-oIUXIjo

7. Sister Rosetta Tharpe: https://youtu.be/Y9a49oFalZE

8. Ray Charles: https://youtu.be/fCm9RUV03dc

9. Mahalia Jackson: https://youtu.be/GEOaIfHlSsw

10. Sidney Bechet: https://youtu.be/GCE5IpVOiQU

11. Robert Johnson: https://www.robertjohnsonbluesfoundation.org/biography/

12. Bessie Smith: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CT4z847-hyc

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Photo by Janine Robinson on Unsplash

Connecting through Computer Networking

With so many of us carrying computers in our pockets, it might be easy to imagine they’re stand-alone devices. However, they are connected to each other - and they connect us all - through wired and wireless technologies. How do we network different types of computers? At scale, do the computer networks we use harm the environment? What will the future of computer networks look like? To explore these questions, look through the resources below!

What IS Computer Networking?

https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-computer-networking-816249

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network

Ok, so how do you network computers?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKfk7YFILws

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSodBEAJz9Y

https://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-networking-channel.htm

Is a “mesh network” better for you home than a traditional wifi router?

https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/659354/mesh-wi-fi-vs-traditional-routers-which-better/

https://www.howtogeek.com/336045/how-secure-are-mesh-wi-fi-networks/

High-Frequency Traders Push Closer to Light Speed With Cutting-Edge Cables

https://www.wsj.com/articles/high-frequency-traders-push-closer-to-light-speed-with-cutting-edge-cables-11608028200

The data centers that enable cloud computing eat up enormous amounts of energy—much of which comes from fossil fuels. By 2030, data center demand could reach 13% of the world’s total electricity consumption

https://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/6/1/117

Training one natural language processing pipeline can emit over 78,000 lbs of CO2 equivalent. That's more than the average human's climate change impact over a two-year period

https://link.morningbrew.com/click/22247542.120122/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnhpdi5vcmcvcGRmLzE5MDYuMDIyNDMucGRmP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9bW9ybmluZ19icmV3/5e04e02f0564ce053c5fe0c6Bbe702715

The massive amounts of data to sort through will only increase as we inch closer to climate change’s “point of no return.” The National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration alone collects ~20 terabytes of data daily
https://environment-review.yale.edu/too-little-too-late-carbon-emissions-and-point-no-return

According to Microsoft’s Project Natick, storing data centers below the ocean could be instrumental in reducing their energy consumption

https://news.microsoft.com/innovation-stories/project-natick-underwater-datacenter/

One of the first computer networking successes was in 1940, when George Stibitz used a teletype machine to send data to a remote complex number calculator

https://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-networking-pictures.htm

https://www.pcr-online.biz/2016/02/11/a-brief-history-of-computer-networking/

Computer Networks and the Internet of Things

https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2014/06/18/a-very-short-history-of-the-internet-of-things/?sh=69df15af10de

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Photo by Kirill Sh on Unsplash

Sinking Your Teeth Into Dentistry

Teeth! They start forming by the 6th 8th week of prenatal development and we have them (hopefully) the rest of our lives. Dentistry, the branch of medicine involving the teeth and jaws, is vital and complicated. In the links below, look at how people have taken care of their teeth for thousands of years, and what might be on the horizon of dental hygiene.

History of Dental Treatments

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_dental_treatments

https://projectarchaeology.org/2020/05/01/ancient-dentistry/

Solving Crimes via Dentistry? Forensic Odontology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y12JxtlFERo

https://innocenceproject.org/bite-mark-experts-recant-in-kunco-rape-case/

https://trustdentalcare.com/three-most-famous-cases-solved-by-forensic-dentistry/

https://forensic-odontology.weebly.com/cases.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKeEbVLZNWc

Sports Dentistry

https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/dental-emergencies-and-sports-safety/sports-dentistry-athletes-need-dentists

https://www.olympic.org/sportdental

History of Orthodontics

https://www.bos.org.uk/Museum-and-Archive/History-of-Orthodontics

https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/early-orthodontics/interesting-facts-from-the-history-of-orthodontics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_dental_treatments

Does your Dog Need a Dentist too? Veterinary Dentistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_dentistry

Trained dentists didn’t exist until the 1800s and prior to that, the nation’s mouths was in the hands of blacksmiths and barbers who doubled as surgeons.

https://truewestmagazine.com/frontier-dentistry/

https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/books/17garn.html

It's Really Important to Be Organized in the Office

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDYYKL2dGoA

We know good dental health is good for you, but what does that really mean?

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/dental/art-20047475

https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/24/health/fda-dental-amalgam-health-warning/index.html

Wait, what do they add to our water??

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/water-fluoridation-and-cancer-risk.html

In 2010 - 2013, news said that New Hampshire would face a dental shortage. Why? And have we fixed it?

https://www.nhbr.com/does-n-h-face-a-pending-dentist-shortage/

https://www.nhbr.com/legislature-could-ease-states-dental-shortage/

Artificial Intelligence and my teeth?? Technology and Dentistry

https://healthcareinamerica.us/the-future-of-dentistry-how-technology-will-transform-dental-practice-794eebcb0843?gi=fa792d7a8ea3

Memoirs

The Dentist of Auschwitz: A Memoir

Dental Inequality

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/19/upshot/how-dental-inequality-hurts-americans.html

Dental deserts: Rural folks and lack of dental care

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2018/06/07/feature/rural-america-has-too-few-dentists-but-also-too-few-jobs-to-create-paying-patients/

https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/charts/9

https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/dental-health-professional-shortage-areas.aspx

https://hsdm.harvard.edu/news/hsdm-secures-3-million-grant-expand-dental-public-health-rural-areas

Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Dentist?

https://www.dentalfearcentral.org/

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Photo by Jonathan Borba on Unsplash

November is Native American Indian Heritage Month

There are 573 federally recognized Native American tribes in the United States. From the Abenaki to the Zuni, Blackfeet to the Pennacook, there is no one ‘Native’ person - there are different cultures, belief systems, histories, and contemporary art that we can all learn from. While November is Native American Indian Heritage Month, you can explore these links year round.

November is Native American Indian Heritage Month

https://www.pbs.org/specials/native-american-heritage-month/

It May Not Be What You Think

https://www.hoover.org/research/native-american-heritage-its-not-what-you-think

Indigenous Tik Tok Artists

@the_land

@notoriouscree

5 Indigenous TikTok accounts that deserve an immediate follow

https://www.teenvogue.com/story/indigenous-tiktok-star-michelle-chubb-embraces-vulnerability-interview

Native Americans in the United States Armed Forces

https://americanindian.si.edu/why-we-serve/

Warrior Spirit - article by Ellen Baumler

Resources for Teaching About American Indians in the Military

Death by Civilization: Thousands of Native American children were forced to attend boarding schools created to deprive them of their culture.

https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/traumatic-legacy-indian-boarding-schools/584293/

https://boardingschoolhealing.org/education/us-indian-boarding-school-history/

Thousands of students attended Carlisle during its 39 years of operation as a boarding school for Native students. Their stories live on through their descendants.

https://carlisleindianschoolproject.com/

Eulynda Toledo-Benalli Has Devoted Her Life to Saving Diné Knowledge

https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/facing-legacy-boarding-schools

Students at the Ahkwesashne Freedom School take a look at the Maple Tree and its importance to their community

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE71zOF5wiU

Truth and Reconciliation: The Findings on Wabanaki Child Welfare in the State of Maine

https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/truth-and-reconciliation-findings-wabanaki-child-welfare

The Real Legacy of Crazy Horse: The Oglala Sioux leader prophesied an economic, spiritual, and social renaissance among Native American youth

https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/08/the-real-legacy-of-crazy-horse/534924/

Ruth Muskrat Bronson — Poet, Educator and Native American Rights Activist

https://amysmartgirls.com/happy-birthday-ruth-muskrat-bronson-poet-educator-and-native-american-rights-activist-b1d516babe23

Native American Ledger Art

https://www.mpm.edu/research-collections/anthropology/online-collections-research/ledger-art-collection

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VX0hpiLP-FY&list=PLYSMxORqGlAnUavwtLkCDh4XiqfHgWTMl&index=3

https://hoodmuseum.dartmouth.edu/search-collections?piction_obj_name=Ledger%20Drawing&piction_photos_only=1

In 2015, Temprano founded Native Land—an interactive digital map that shows which Indigenous groups resided in any given area centuries ago (or even to this day).

https://native-land.ca/

Much of what is now New Hampshire has been lived in by the Abenaki for over 10,000 years

NH Abenaki Heritage Weekend 2016

https://www.nh.gov/folklife/learning-center/traditions/native-american.htm

Nebi: Abenaki Ways of Knowing Water

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki

Saving the Cherokee Language

http://therevivalist.info/saving-the-cherokee-language/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9y8fDOLsO4&feature=youtu.be

Preserving Indigenous Languages

http://endangeredlanguages.com/

http://www.ourmothertongues.org/Home.aspx

https://www.firstvoices.com/

https://www.alaskanativelanguages.org/

Geronimo’s Cadillac

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gd0RusyIBWU

Indigenous Podcasts

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/28/at-home/indigenous-podcasts.html

In 1906, American photographer Edward S. Curtis was offered $75,000 by financier J. P. Morgan to produce a series on North American Indians (Native Americans) and their culture

https://mymodernmet.com/edward-s-curtis-the-north-american-indian/

http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/

A federal court case could have a sweeping impact on Native families and tribal sovereignty.

https://www.vox.com/identities/2020/2/20/21131387/indian-child-welfare-act-court-case-foster-care

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/05/health/navajo-children-custody-fight.html

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Photo by John Middelkoop on Unsplash

The Last Straws for Our Environment?

Plastic straws - how could such small items create such big controversies?

Fact Check: How many straws do Americans actually use in a day?

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/business/plastic-straws-ban-fact-check-nyt.html

Where do drinking our straws fit into the array of environmental challenges?

https://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/history.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/plastic-straws-are-little-but-they-are-part-of-a-huge-problem/2018/09/07/63bfe44e-ac9f-11e8-b1da-ff7faa680710_story.html

https://www.1millionwomen.com.au/blog/straws-why-they-seriously-suck/

A Brief History of the Straw: Beginning with: When Straws Were Actually Straw

https://www.bonappetit.com/entertaining-style/trends-news/article/history-of-the-straw/amp

https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-drinking-straws-1992399

The Science of Straws: Getting the Atmosphere to Work for You

https://www.indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/drinking-straws-work.php

https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/how-does-drinking-straw-work

The Strange Invention of the Bendy Straw

https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/11/the-amazing-history-and-the-strange-invention-of-the-bendy-straw/248923/

How plastic straws took over the world

https://api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/public/amp/environment/2018/07/news-plastic-drinking-straw-history-ban

How L.A. Bars and Restaurants Have Adjusted to the Plastic Straw Ban (and So Can You)

https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/plastic-straw-ban-solutions/

Straw Bans: Unintended Discrimination?

https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/11/health/plastic-straw-bans-disabled-trnd/index.html

https://time.com/5335955/plastic-straws-disabled/

https://www.today.com/health/plastic-straw-bans-hurt-kids-adults-disabilities-advocates-say-t158808

Plastic Straw Alternatives

https://yesstraws.com/blogs/news/19-plastic-straw-alternatives

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-05/the-fight-for-paper-straws-is-getting-fierce-in-new-york-bars

https://nymag.com/strategist/article/best-rreusable-straws.html

Starbucks Bans Plastics Straws, Winds up Using More Plastic Overall

https://reason.com/2018/07/12/starbucks-straw-ban-will-see-the-company/

https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/plastic-alternatives-doing-harm/

Tray? Check. Spork? Check. Napkin? Check. But No More Plastic Straws In Miami-Dade School Cafeterias

https://www.wlrn.org/education/2020-03-10/spork-check-napkin-check-but-no-more-plastic-straws-in-miami-dade-school-cafeterias

Grand Challenge: Understanding and Sustaining a Biodiverse Planet

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Photo by Thoa Ngo on Unsplash

A Tapestry of Latino and Hispanic Heritage

As of 2018, the Census Bureau estimates that about 18% of the US population - almost 60 million people - identify as Hispanic. The second-oldest ethnic group (Native Americans being the oldest), Hispanic and Latino people continue to shape our world through their longstanding and rich heritage, transformative innovations, and influential figures.

S

An Historic Overview of Latino Immigration to the U.S. 

https://www.nps.gov/heritageinitiatives/latino/latinothemestudy/immigration.htm

https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/puerto-rican-migration-to-the-us

 https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/cuban-immigration-after-the-revolution-1959-1973

A Timeline of Latino Americans

https://www.pbs.org/latino-americans/en/timeline/

Latina Pioneers of the 19th, 20th and 21st Centuries

https://www.biography.com/news/sonia-sotomayor-latina-firsts-pioneers

Latino Innovators, Inventions, and Inventors

https://wearemitu.com/things-that-matter/latino-innovators-pioneers-tech-sports/

https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/inventors-entrepreneurs/hispanic-heritage-and-inventions

Key persons, events, and associations in the history of Latino Psychology

https://study.com/academy/answer/synopsis-of-key-persons-events-and-associations-in-the-history-of-latino-psychology.html

Latino activists push for solidarity with Black community

https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-07-14/la-me-latino-support-george-floyd-protests

Latin American and Latino Musicians and their Traditions

https://music.si.edu/story/exhibiting-music-history-us-exhibits-latin-american-and-latino-musicians-and-their-traditions

https://www.britannica.com/art/Latin-American-music

Hispanic Music Festivals in the United States

https://www.onetravel.com/going-places/hispanic-music-festivals-in-the-us/

Latinos in Chicago

https://scalar.usc.edu/works/latino-metropolis-a-brief-urban-cultural-history-of-us-latinos---1/timeline

Latinos in New England: Aqui Estamos

http://www.nuestrasraicesri.org/LatinosinNE1.html

Hispanics in The U.S. Army

https://www.army.mil/hispanics/history.html

https://learninglab.si.edu/collections/latino-patriots-in-american-military-history-patriotas-latinos-en-la-historia-militar-estadounidense/99Px4jCpR4RKUidj#r

Colorado Hispanic / Latino Historical Overview

https://www.historycolorado.org/colorado-hispanic-latino-historical-overview

Fabiola Mendez Brings Puerto Rican Cuatro Music

https://amp.wbur.org/artery/2019/10/25/fabiola-mendez-berklee-puerto-rico-cuatro

The Chicago Cuatro Orchestra

https://www.theccoproject.org/about-us.html

Latin Dances

https://www.danceus.org/latin-dance/

Latino History of Washington State

https://www.historylink.org/File/7901

The United Farm Workers and the Delano Grape Strike

https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-united-farm-workers-and-the-delano-grape-strike

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavez

Latino USA (Podcast)

https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510016/latino-usa

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Credit: United States Census Bureau - https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17523543

The Wonders of the WPA

Formed in 1935, during the middle of The Great Depression, the works Progress ASsociation (WPA for short) employed 8.5 million people in its 8 years of existence. What legacies of this initiative still impact our world today?

The WPA revived America, provided employment, and preserved/reflected the culture of the times.

https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/works-progress-administration

https://www.gjenvick.com/WPA/ProgressReports/1936-10-15/B03-PublicBuildingsProjects.html

In The 1930s, Works Program Spelled HOPE For Millions Of Jobless Americans

https://www.npr.org/2020/04/04/826909516/in-the-1930s-works-program-spelled-hope-for-millions-of-jobless-americans

Of all of President Roosevelt’s New Deal programs, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) is the most famous, because it affected so many people’s lives.

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-works-progress-administration-wpa/

https://www.curbed.com/2017/1/19/14323824/new-deal-architecture-wpa-pwa-hoover-dam

How Did The WPA Change U.S. Infrastructure? “It Did Just About Everything”

https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/01/16/wpa-us-infrastructure

The Arts in the WPA

https://m.theartstory.org/definition/federal-art-project-of-the-works-progress-administration/

FDR’s Legacy of Recovery

https://fdr4freedoms.org/hope-recovery-reform/

https://www.post-gazette.com/local/west/2012/07/06/Great-Depression-program-still-benefiting-Americans-today/stories/201207060217

The “New Deal” in New Hampshire

https://livingnewdeal.org/us/nh/page/4/

New Mexico History: The Depression and WPA Art

http://online.nmartmuseum.org/nmhistory/art-architecture/the-depression-and-the-wpa/the-depression-and-the-wpa.html

The Heart of Toledo

https://www.midstory.org/the-heart-of-toledo-wpa/

Projects in Minnesota

https://livingnewdeal.org/us/mn/

Slave Narratives Documented

http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/64/wpa-slave-narratives

https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/voices-of-florida-zora-neale-hurston/id416195390

https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/using-the-wpa-slave-narratives-w-cynthia-lynn-lyerly/id1341785066?i=1000465621395

Building Up Wyoming 1929-1943

http://www.michaelcassity.org/depression-era-federal-projects-in-wyoming-1929-19431.html

Twelve More Active Projects

https://money.howstuffworks.com/12-wpa-projects-that-still-exist.htm

Without doubt, there are WPA projects near to you. Visit, take pictures, share with your friends and family.

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Public Domain via National Archives and Records Administration

Bringing Back Our Fish

Migratory routes blocked, predatory invasive species, and low water quality have made it hard on native fish. Here are some stories to help us understand what challenges they face - and what we might do about it.

Reopening Rivers for Migratory Fish: Every year, millions of fish migrate to their native habitats to reproduce. They are often blocked from completing their journey.

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/habitat-conservation/reopening-rivers-migratory-fish

The Los Angeles River: Could L.A. welcome native fish once again?

https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/la-river-native-fish/

Bringing a native fish back to Lake Huron

https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/lake_herring_bringing_a_native_fish_back_to_lake_huron

Researchers Aim to Reestablish an Ancient Fish in an Ohio River

https://www.the-scientist.com/notebook/a-project-aims-to-reestablish-an-ancient-fish-in-an-ohio-river-65234

Florida wildlife: Non-native fish invading Florida’s freshwaters

https://www.staugustine.com/zz/news/20191209/florida-wildlife-non-native-fish-invading-floridas-freshwaters

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzaeYzAC8Ro

Prehistoric hydro-engineering: Native Americans in Ancient Florida Developed Fish Farms - Archaeologists explore huge walled fishponds on artificial island built by the powerful Calusa kingdom over 1,000 years ago

https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium-native-americans-in-ancient-florida-developed-pre-electricity-fish-storage-1.8724474

Cape Cod Herring Runs

https://www.capecod.com/lifestyle/all-you-need-to-know-about-cape-cod-herring-runs/

More herring are running as dams are razed.

https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/04/21/lifestyle/herring-are-running-all-more-so-dams-are-razed/

NYC Nature: The Stubborn Staying Power of the Alewife Herring

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/nyregion/alewife-herring.html

Gila trout returning to native Arizona waters

https://azdailysun.com/gila-trout-returning-to-native-arizona-waters/article_8b7db2eb-a79b-5329-831b-4f3dea93aead.html

Non-native relative of the piranha, found in Arizona lake

https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2018/01/19/pacu-fish-creepy-humanlike-teeth-taking-bite-out-arizonas-waterways/1033687001/

An Approach to Conservation of Native Fish in Yellowstone

https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/upload/YS-25-1-FISH-ISSUE-PDF-FINAL-WEB_R.PDF

A story of native fish conservation and what it takes to restore trout in the Yellowstone ecosystem (podcast)

https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/photosmultimedia/onefishtwofish.htm

What is the status of native fish species near you?

Grand Challenge: Understanding and Sustaining a Biodiverse Planet

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Photo by NOAA on Unsplash

African-American History Month: The All-Black Towns of Oklahoma

The All-Black towns of Oklahoma represent a unique chapter in American history. Nowhere else, neither in the Deep South nor in the Far West, did so many African American men and women come together to create, occupy, and govern their own communities.

All Black Towns in Oklahoma

https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=AL009

https://www.hannibalbjohnson.com/the-all-black-towns-in-oklahoma/

Black Townships in Oklahoma - YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEHTBjbnJgI&feature=youtu.be

Relationships of African Americans and Creeks in Oklahoma

https://teachers.yale.edu/curriculum/viewer/initiative_16.01.06_u

Native Americans adopted slavery from white settlers

https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/native-americans-adopted-slavery-white-settlers-181225180750948.html

Red Bird, OK

https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entryname=RED%20BIRD

Oklahoma Association of Negro Teachers

https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OK017

Oklahoma African American Educators Hall of Fame, Inc.

https://oaaehof.org/

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Black History Month Special: Gullah Geechee

The Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor is home to one of America's most unique cultures, a tradition first shaped by captive Africans brought to the southern United States from West Africa and continued in later generations by their descendants.

Note: Thanks to the Smithsonian for their preservation and research work here and in so many other places - a national treasure.

Georgia's Gullah-Geechee Heritage

https://libguides.ccga.edu/gullahgeechee

A Smithsonian curator visits a Georgia island to find stories

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/holding-on-to-gullah-culture-185296/

This month in Linguistics History: Tribute to Lorenzo Dow Turner, whose efforts memorialized the lore of the region

https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/month-linguistics-history-tribute-lorenzo-dow-turner

A language of their own

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gullah-language

A South Georgian reflection: a Culture Unto Itself by G. Wayne Clough

http://bit.ly/2vvY37M

Sweetgrass Baskets:

https://libguides.ccga.edu/c.php?g=282583&p=1882631

Gullah food traditions

https://www.pbs.org/video/gullah-geechee-food-traditions-ozahpl/

The Ring Shouters

https://www.geecheegullahringshouters.com/

The Gullah Bible

http://www.gullahbible.com/e-GullahNT/index.htm

What the Color 'Haint Blue' Means to the Descendants of Enslaved Africans

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-haint-blue-means-to-descendants-enslaved-africans

Charleston, SC’s Gullah Roots

https://www.africanamericancharleston.com/themes/gullah/

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Mattstone911 [CC BY-SA]

The On-Going Saga of Our Bison

The Transcontinental Railroad connected East and West—and accelerated the destruction of what had been in the center of North America

• https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/where-the-buffalo-no-longer-roamed-3067904/

• https://www.cdapress.com/archive/article-98ed7e9b-8cd8-56cc-af2d-601756aafe2e.html
  

The profound loss to native tribes

• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/tcrr-interview/

• https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2016/05/the-buffalo-killers/482349/

• https://cmrussell.org/bison-exhibition/

• https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/buffalo

Canada’s key role in helping to save the bison

• https://www.mysteriesofcanada.com/alberta/how-canada-saved-the-buffalo/

Cave paintings help solve the mystery of how bison ended up in Europe?

• https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/bison-cave-paintings-prehistoric-art-france-lascaux-chauvet-pont-darc-marsoulas-a7367626.html

Yellowstone’s herd was the last free-ranging bison herd in the United States

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_Park_bison_herd

Our buffaloes are recovering but some have little patience for their wandering ways

• https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/01/2-bills-propose-zero-tolerance-for-bison/

The remarkable story of how the bison returned to Europe

• https://blog.nature.org/science/2017/08/22/remarkable-story-how-bison-returned-europe/

Can the bison survive?

• https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98418065

Were there ever buffalo near you?

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

Grand Challenge: Understanding and Sustaining a Biodiverse Planet

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Photo by Eric Murray on Unsplash

Some Roots of the Blues Lie in Statesboro, GA

Among the roots of blues music, Blind Willie McTell and Statesboro, Georgia have loomed large. Lots of amazing and different versions define the feeling.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesboro_Blues

• https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/roots-blues-statesboro-blues/

• https://youtu.be/fnWxZtI3ONY

Perhaps the best full-throated "Southern Rock" version of the blues

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezPZxfS1jys

TWO giants combine to cover it:

• https://youtu.be/EXBqJZbmR8Y

THREE giants combine to cover it:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duWv1eMNdrk
  

Other variations:

https://vimeo.com/308996544

https://youtu.be/qGRktLL_PI8

There are many more -- does your local blues band have one??

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

A record of Blind Willie McTell’s Statesboro Blues | Source

Some Rallies and Chants Raise Disturbing Parallels

How do we use the past to better understand the present? How does what we learn help us not repeat the mistakes of those who came before us?

Looking at the Present…

https://www.today.com/video/trump-rally-crowd-chants-send-her-back-at-rep-omar-64070725759

From the Lenses of the Past…

Tulsa 1921

https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/

When America saw the Irish as terrorists

http://inthepastlane.com/when-americans-saw-irish-immigrants-as-terrorists/

Lessons from the Chinese Exclusion Act

https://psmag.com/social-justice/americas-lost-generation-of-asian-immigrants-81193

https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/05/05/527091890/the-135-year-bridge-between-the-chinese-exclusion-act-and-a-proposed-travel-ban

1938 Nazi rally in Argentina

https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/nazi-rally-argentina-1938/

Unrest in Indonesia

https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/indonesian-muslims-protest-against-christian-governor

Remembering Rwanda

http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com/2014/04/in-memoriam-20-years-since-the-rwandan-genocide/file-photo-of-rwandan-hutu-refugees-resting-on-the-side-of-the-road-next-to-the-old-mugunga-refugee-camp/

The Swastika – then and now

https://owlcation.com/academia/TheSwastikaSymbol

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

STEM, STEAM, STEMX, STEMD and beyond..

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism.

RareHistoricalPhotos.com

Long-Lost Letters Remind Us to Ask: Who Serves, and Why?

Letters sent on the eve of Gettysburg have been found and read for the first time. They remind us of the many reasons that different men and women have served and continue to do so.

• www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/newly-discovered-letters-bring-insight-life-civil-war-soldier-180960784/

Who furnished troops for the Civil War? did your state participate?

• http://www.civil-war.net/pages/troops_furnished_losses.html

How many really perished in the Civil War?

• https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html

Black soldiers have served as well

• https://blog.genealogybank.com/civil-war-letter-from-an-african-american-soldier.html

• http://www.wallaceterry.com/publications/bloods

Latinos in World War II: Fighting on Two Fronts

• https://www.nps.gov/articles/latinoww2.htm

Native Americans in Service

• https://americanindian.si.edu/education/codetalkers/html/

• https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2010/05/28/127245075/warriors
  

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Photo by Jessica Radanavong on Unsplash

The Art and Craft of Freed Slaves

First picture: Bill Traylor (ca. 1853–1949) is regarded today as one of the most important American artists of the twentieth century. A black man born into slavery in Alabama, he was an eyewitness to history: the Civil War, Emancipation, Reconstruction, Jim Crow segregation, the Great Migration, and the steady rise of African American urban culture in the South.

To read more, click here:

• https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/traylor

Second picture - A beautiful plane made by Cesar Chelor (born 1720 in Wrentham, MA), a slave owned by the earliest American plane maker, Francis Nicholson. He was freed in Nicholson's will, in which he was also given Nicholson's tools and workbench.

To learn more, read these articles:

• https://www.jimbodetools.com/products/crisp-18th-century-chelor-ten-inch-yellow-birch-moulding-plane-near-mint-78095ru

• https://www.tpt.org/antiques-roadshow/video/antiques-roadshow-appraisal-cesar-chelor-plane-ca-1755/

• http://memorialhall.mass.edu/turns/view.jsp?itemid=6256&subthemeid=15

Third picture: Slavery to Freedom Museum

• https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/harriet-beecher-stowe-slavery-to-freedom-museum

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

The 15th Amendment

The 15th Amendment: Ulysses S. Grant’s Vision for a Post-Civil War America.

To learn more, explore these links:

• https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/president-grant-pen-vision-civil-war-america-180965218/

• https://guides.loc.gov/15th-amendment

• http://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/african-americans-and-the-15th-amendment

Grand Challenge: Understanding the American Experience

ERC Grand Challenges: For project design, for inquiry, for activism

Hand colored lithograph print commemorating the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment containing a large central scene of the celebratory parade held in Baltimore in May surrounded by several bust portraits and vignettes. Source: The Library Company of Philadelphia